Prawo i Więź ukazuje się regularnie od 2012 roku, a od grudnia 2015 roku znajduje się na ministerialnej liście czasopism punktowanych. Od 2024 r. Prawo i Więź jest dwumiesięcznikiem publikowanym w cyklu wydawniczym: luty, kwiecień, czerwiec, sierpień, październik, grudzień. W Prawie i Więzi publikowane są teksty ze wszystkich dziedzin prawa prawa materialnego i procesowego oraz z teorii, filozofii i socjologii prawa. Czasopismo przyjmuje do publikacji teksty w języku polskim i angielskim, przygotowane w formule artykułów, glos lub recenzji monografii naukowych. Czasopismo dąży do rozszerzenia zakresu polskiej debaty prawniczej poprzez wprowadzenie do niej niedostatecznie zbadanych problemów, a także umieszczenie krajowych zagadnień w szerszym kontekście międzynarodowym. Redakcja preferuje artykuły, które przedstawiają szerszy kontekst międzynarodowy i perspektywę prawnoporównawczą, jak również wprowadzają idee, zagadnienia i problemy prawne, które nie były dotychczas szeroko omawiane w Polsce. Prawo i Więź jest indeksowane w SCOPUS, European Reference Index for the Humanities and Social Sciences (ERIH PLUS) i The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (CEJSH). Prawo i Więź jest adresowane przede wszystkim do przedstawicieli środowiska naukowego. Gorąco zachęcamy Czytelników do zapoznawania się kolejnymi numerami czasopisma, a Autorów do współpracy! Wersja pierwotna Online Dostęp Open Access (OA) MNiSW 100 pkt DOI 10.36128 ISSN 2299-405X online ISSN 2719-3594 Wskaźnik odrzuceń 34%
Wydawnictwo Spółdzielczego Instytutu Naukowego
Wiążące opinie indywidualne organu nadzoru AI a system urzędowych interpretacji w prawie gospodarczym. Fikcja pozytywnego rozstrzygnięcia jako technika legislacyjna
Artykuł analizuje instytucję wiążących opinii indywidualnych, którą ustawa o systemach sztucznej inteligencji powierza Komisji Rozwoju i Bezpieczeństwa Sztucznej Inteligencji (KRiBSI), łącząc brak wydania opinii w terminie z fikcją prawną akceptacji stanowiska wnioskodawcy. Autorzy stawiają tezę, że konstrukcja ta przenosi na grunt prawa nowych technologii model interpretacji indywidualnych znany z Ordynacji podatkowej oraz ustawy Prawo przedsiębiorców, czyniąc to jednak w warunkach nieporównywalnie wyższej niepewności technicznej, co podważa ochronną funkcję tej instytucji. Tezie głównej towarzyszy teza pomocnicza, zgodnie z którą milczące załatwienie sprawy w materii systemów sztucznej inteligencji stanowi ryzykowną technikę legislacyjną. Analizie poddano zakres związania organu opinią, zbieg opinii KRiBSI z rozstrzygnięciami innych organów oraz dopuszczalność weryfikacji fikcji pozytywnej w trybach nadzwyczajnych. Artykuł zamyka zestaw postulatów de lege ferenda mających dostosować tę instytucję do specyfiki systemów sztucznej inteligencji.
sztuczna inteligencja, interpretacja indywidualna, milczące załatwienie sprawy, fikcja prawna, KRiBSI, AI Act,
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Bogdan Fischer, Piotr Pietrasz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cel nabycia nieruchomości jako kryterium różnicowania ochrony nabywcy w ustawie deweloperskiej
Aksjologiczną przesłanką uchwalenia pierwszej ustawy deweloperskiej było zapewnienie szczególnej ochrony nabywcy nieruchomości mieszkalnej. Przyjęta w ustawie konstrukcja pojęcia „nabywcy” koresponduje z cywilnoprawnym pojęciem konsumenta, opartym na założeniu istnienia asymetrii informacyjnej i ekonomicznej pomiędzy stronami stosunku deweloperskiego. Punktem wyjścia dla analiz prowadzonych w niniejszym artykule jest stwierdzenie, że ustawa deweloperska nie różnicuje sytuacji prawnej osób fizycznych nabywających nieruchomość dla zaspokojenia własnych potrzeb mieszkaniowych oraz osób fizycznych nabywających nieruchomość w celach inwestycyjnych, zwłaszcza w celu lokowania kapitału. Zdaniem autorki taki stan prawny może prowadzić do zapewnienia ochrony nieuzasadnionej, a nawet sprzecznej z celem ustawy. Artykuł zmierza do wykazania, iż podmiot nabywający kolejną nieruchomość w celach tezauryzacyjnych nie znajduje się w pozycji „słabszej strony” stosunku deweloperskiego, a tym samym nie wymaga szczególnej, wzmocnionej ochrony, jaką gwarantuje nabywcy ustawa deweloperska. W szczególności rozważona zostanie zasadność nowelizacji ustawy deweloperskiej polegającej na dopuszczeniu możliwości wprowadzania do umów deweloperskich klauzul umożliwiających monitorowanie statusu prawnego nieruchomości po przeniesieniu jej własności, a także ewentualnego czasowego ograniczenia uprawnień nabywcy do czerpania korzyści majątkowych z nieruchomości (np. na podstawie stosunku najmu). Podejmowana problematyka oraz proponowane postulaty zmierzają do zainicjowania dyskusji nad koniecznością przywrócenia równowagi kontraktowej w stosunku deweloperskim. Dyskusja ta powinna uwzględniać poszanowanie zasady proporcjonalności ingerencji w prawa konsumenta oraz unikać nadmiernego rozszerzania ochrony na podmioty, które nie zaspokajają rzeczywistej potrzeby mieszkaniowej. Zagadnienie to ma istotne znaczenie z perspektywy badań nad zrównoważonym rozwojem mieszkalnictwa w Polsce, rozumianym jako wyważenie interesów sektora publicznego i podmiotów prywatnych przy jednoczesnym uwzględnieniu prawa do mieszkania jako prawa człowieka. Jednokierunkowy model ochrony nabywcy, nieuwzględniający inwestycyjnego charakteru części transakcji, sprzyja utrwalaniu zjawiska tezauryzacji mieszkań, co w dłuższej perspektywie ogranicza dostępność lokali mieszkalnych i osłabia skuteczność polityki mieszkaniowej państwa. Artykuł wpisuje się w nurt analiz wskazujących na znaczenie adekwatnie ukształtowanych instrumentów prawa prywatnego dla realizacji celów publicznych, podkreślając rolę regulacji stosunku deweloperskiego jako jednego z elementów warunkujących zrównoważony rozwój mieszkalnictwa.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Natalia Pliszka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Taksonomia działalności gospodarczej a ekonomia społeczna.
Europejski Zielony Ład zaimplementował do unijnej gospodarki nowe instytucje prawne, w tym taksonomię działalności gospodarczej. Ułatwia ona porównywanie podmiotów na rynku oceniając je pod kryterium środowiskowym, ale jednocześnie może przesądzać o utrudnieniu w prowadzeniu działalności czy wykluczeniu z dostępu do finansowania, ostatecznie wypadnięciu z rynku. Standardowa taksonomia opiera się na sześciu celach środowiskowych i jedynie pośrednio można się w nich dopatrywać kwestii społecznych. Można byłoby zatem dokonać takich zmian w regulacji ustanawiającej taksonomię działalności gospodarczej aby ujmowała ona także cele ekonomii społecznej i jej podmioty. Szczególnie predysponowane są do tego art. 17, 18 i pośrednio 3 Rozporządzenia 2020/852. Idąc dalej można zaproponować opracowanie osobnej „taksonomii społecznej”, która w miejsce celów środowiskowych prezentowałaby cele społeczne. Takie rozwiązanie, które wydaje się dość prawdopodobne w przyszłej legislacji Unii Europejskiej, promowałoby podmioty ekonomii społecznej wysokiej jakości ułatwiając ich funkcjonowanie na rynku. Wywód poprowadzony w oparciu o metodę dogmatyczno-prawną oparty został na literaturze z zakresu gospodarczego prawa środowiska oraz aktach prawnych aktualnych na dzień 30 kwietnia 2026 roku.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Tomasz Bojar-Fijałkowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Zmiany strukturalne (Strukturwandel) w niemieckim prawie cywilnym a perspektywa polska
The paper analyses the German concept of structural change (Strukturwandel) in civil law and assesses the prospects for its occurrence in Polish civil law. This concept is based on inductive reasoning and consists in the observation of the evolving meaning of legal principles and institutions in response to socio-economic transformations. The research thesis of the paper holds that structural changes in both German and Polish law find their justification in the pursuit of contractual balance. The paper employs three research methods: the theoretical-legal method – in the analysis of German legal scholarship; the comparative method – through references to German civil law; and the dogmatic-legal method – in the analysis of the norms of Polish civil law. The conclusions indicate that structural change is not an exclusively Germanic phenomenon, but affects all systems of civil law responding to the need to strengthen the protection of the weaker parties to obligational relationships. The common denominator of this change in both legal orders remains the safeguarding of contractual balance.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Dominik Bierecki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rola państwa w dążeniu do rozwoju ekonomii społecznej na przykładzie francuskiej koncepcji ESS (économie sociale et solidaire).
Niniejszy artykuł stanowi element szerszych badań porównawczych Autora odnoszących się do regulacji prawa francuskiego. W tym przypadku przedmiotem analizy uczyniono bowiem specyficzny koncepcję ESS (économie sociale et solidaire), która to została wprowadzona do francuskiego ustawodawstwa w 2014 roku, a zatem niemal dziesięć lat wcześniej niż w Polsce. Wspomniana koncepcja ESS, którą można przetłumaczyć jako „gospodarka społeczna i solidarna” to we Francji ważny sektor łączący działalność gospodarczą i działalność społeczną, obejmujący stowarzyszenia, spółdzielnie, towarzystwa ubezpieczeń wzajemnych i fundacje, który generują około 10% PKB i zatrudnia 13-14% pracowników w sektorze prywatnym. Charakteryzuje się współrządzeniem i ograniczoną rentownością, odgrywając kluczową rolę w rozwiązywaniu problemów społecznych i środowiskowych poprzez działania lokalne, integracyjne i oparte na solidarności. Wskazanie Francji jako elementu do porównawczej analizy pozwolił na realizację podstawowego celu niniejszej publikacji w postaci wskazania pewnych odrębności w omawianym zakresie, które mogą zwłaszcza z punktu widzenia polskiego ustawodawcy okazać się asumptem do refleksji nad potencjalnymi zmianami ustawowymi. Metoda porównawcza, pozwalająca na analizę prawa w szerszym niż tylko krajowym aspekcie, pozwoliła również na wyprowadzenie wniosków co do potencjalnych kierunków zmian o ogólnym charakterze lub też w zakresie rozwiązań szczegółowych. Jednym z takich wniosków jest przyznanie przez francuskiego ustawodawcę znacznie bardziej kluczowej roli niż przez jego polskiego odpowiednika, podmiotom mającym za cel rozwój ekonomii społecznej.
ekonomia społeczna, prawo francuskie, bankowość spółdzielcza, prawo porównawcze
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Michał Mariański https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Glosa do wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej w sprawie MJ vs. AA z dnia 24 marca 2026 r., sygn. akt C-521/21 dotyczącego możliwości wyłączenia sędziego sądu powszechnego od orzekania z powodu okoliczności jego powołania
The judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union under discussion concerns the compatibility of the appointment of judges in Poland after 2018 with the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) of the TEU and the second paragraph of Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The Court held that, although the National Council of the Judiciary in its new composition does not provide sufficient guarantees of independence to dispel all reasonable doubts as to the regularity of the procedures for appointing judges, and although the right to appeal resolutions of the National Council of the Judiciary to the Supreme Court (Chamber of Extraordinary Control and Public Affairs) in the nomination process cannot be considered an effective remedy, other relevant circumstances surrounding the appointment of a given judge must also be examined tolegitimately conclude that he or she does not meet the requirement of an “independent and impartial court.” The authors take a critical stance towards the conclusions drawn from the above judgment, which, in their view, does not resolve the validity of judicial appointments made after 2018. The Court of Justice’s calls for this issue to be resolved through legislation are clear, but they do not bring us any closer to resolving the existing tension and conflict.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Bartosz Wojciechowski, Bartosz Liżewski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pozbawienie strony zdolności postulacyjnej w postępowaniu cywilnym jako forma „wykluczenia” konsumenta
The right of an action and the capacity to sue are the foundations (not the only ones) of the right to a court, and are extremely important elements of it. They enable a party or a participant in the civil procedure to act personally before the court. However, the capacity to sue is not absolute, as it can be excluded for factual or legal reasons. Therefore, the someone is not authorized to personally appear in court as a party to the proceedings. In this context, the duty of a obligatory assistance of an advocate is particularly important, i.e. the duty to appoint a professional legal representative when the law so requires. The article aims to answer the question whether, in the case of a consumer who is the weaker party to a legal relationship with an entrepreneur (arising primarily from a contract), the deprivation of the capacity to sue can be a form of their exclusion from the process, making it impossible or at least significantly hindering the enforcement of rights before a court.
konsument, przedsiębiorca, zdolność procesowa, zdolność postulacyjna, przymus adwokacko-radcowski
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 dr hab. prof. ucz. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bezpieczeństwo rynku pracy a prawne uwarunkowania zatrudnienia cudzoziemców na przykładzie nadmorskich województw w Polsce
W dobie globalizacji problematyka migracji w aspekcie ekonomicznym nabiera wymiernego znaczenia, zarówno dla państw-źródeł migracji jak i państw-miejsc migracji. Współczesne przesłanki migracyjne są zróżnicowane i są traktowane jako najbardziej aktywny czynnik aktywności ludzkiej. Celem artykułu było wyeksponowanie skali problemu wynikającego z samej istoty migracji obywateli państw Europy Wschodniej na przykładzie województw nadmorskich. Autorzy artykułu podjęli próbę analizy skali zatrudnienia cudzoziemców wschodnich w różnych sektorach polskiego rynku pracy według typów zezwoleń, grup zawodowych i zawodów oraz wybranych sektorów gospodarki wynikających z Klasyfikacji Zawodów i Specjalności oraz Polskiej Klasyfikacji Działalności.
social security, labor market security, employment law, migration, labor market, foreigners
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Klaudia Skelnik, Marcin JURGILEWICZ, Mateusz ZIĘTARSKI, Karol KACZANOWICZ, Zbigniew WITASZEK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Na co odpowiada deregulacja? Inflacja prawa a nadregulacja
Polan‘’s accession to the European Union triggered an intense wave of debate concerning the phenomenon of legal inflation. Various diagnoses of the problem were soon followed by proposed remedies. In legal theory and legislative studies, these remedies were primarily linked to the conviction that the law-making process itself required substantial improvement. In public discourse, however, hope was predominantly placed on deregulation. Nevertheless, both the conceptual contours of "deregulation” and the very notion of legal inflation have remained remarkably vague and blurred in most of these discussions. The purpose of this paper is to examine the issue of “deregulation” not from the perspective of the legislative process or its constitutional dimension, but rather by focusing on the object of deregulation — that is, the phenomenon (or set of phenomena) variously described as “legal inflation,” “over-regulation,” and numerous other terms. The paper defines the concepts of legal inflation sensu stricto and sensu largissimo, and also indicates the possibility of defining legal inflation sensu largo. The core concept – legal inflation sensu stricto – encompasses not only cases of “excessive regulation” but also, and crucially, a decline in the quality of law. It refers to the enactment of provisions that are non-normative (i.e. that do not express legal norms or fragments necessary for their interpretation, or do so in a defective manner), including so-called duplicate rules, widow rules, orphan rules, and poorly drafted provisions, as well as law that is unclear, incoherent, or ineffective.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Bartłomiej Wróblewski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sovereignty by Design: Embedding Fiscal Risk Intelligence in Europe’s Defence-Digital Strategy
The European Union confronts structural uncertainty across defence and digital sectors. Fiscal governance still relies on stability-oriented frameworks that cannot handle volatility. This paper argues that strategic autonomy requires integrating actuarial reasoning – quantification, pricing and systemic treatment of uncertainty – into existing EU budgeting and investment tools. The approach does not require new institutions or treaty changes. It requires a change in decision logic inside the Multiannual Financial Framework, the European Defence Fund, the Digital Europe Programme and the European Investment Bank. Empirical work in cyber-risk insurance, cyber-threat forecasting and development finance demonstrates that uncertainty can be modelled and priced. Actuarial governance emerges as a necessary foundation for credible European sovereignty.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Dominik Bierecki, Małgorzata Czuryk, Christophe Gaie, Jean Langlois-Berthelot https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rewolucja węgierska 1956 r. a Ustawa Zasadnicza Węgier z 2011 r. – program wolności i sprawiedliwości
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was an attempt to set Hungary on a path of democratic transformation aimed at building freedom and improving the country’s economic situation. The national uprising, brutally suppressed, remained deeply embedded in the collective memory of Hungarians for many years. The Fundamental Law of Hungary of 25 April 2011, in its currently binding version, seeks to preserve national memory and to implement the demands that were articulated at that time. This article constitutes an attempt to identify references to the ideas that were formulated in 1956.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Anna Surówka-Pasek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legality in Pre-trial Detention: A Legal Analysis of ECHR Case Law
The article examines the legality of applying a preventive measure in the form of detention in Ukraine in the context of the ECHR case law. The purpose of the study is to analyze the compliance of the criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine and domestic case law with the requirements of Article 5 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, taking into account the conditions of martial law. The methodological framework includes formal-legal, comparative-legal, doctrinal and forecasting methods. As a result, the study revealed systemic violations of the principles of proportionality, effective judicial control, and risk assessment in the selection of a preventive measure. The analysis of ECHR cases demonstrates the ineffectiveness of appellate review, the formalistic nature of judicial decisions, the neglect of the health of suspects, and procedural abuse. The article proposes comprehensive reforms of legislation, judicial practice, and the system of free legal aid drawing on the experience of Council of Europe member states. The research concludes that it is necessary to move from declarative to substantive control over the observance of human rights in the field of preventive detention.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Oleksandr Omelchenko, Mariia Soroka, Olena Babikova, Maksym Chernenok, Mykola Miahkov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nowe kierunki rozumienia zaburzeń osobowości w świetle modelu dymensjonalnego i ich implikacje prawno-medyczne dla instytucjonalnego środowiska pracy
The paper analyses new directions in understanding personality disorders in light of the ICD-11 dimensional model and their legal and medical implications for the workplace. The authors present the evolution from the traditional categorical model to the dimensional model, which allows for more precise diagnosis and personalisation of therapy. Using a dogmatic-legal method and a review of the literature, the researchers argue that the new diagnostic model allows for better identification of psychosocial risks in organisations. However, effective prevention requires legislative changes.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Marzena Świstak, Kamil Bielak, Katarzyna Kamińska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Między azylem dyplomatycznym a kanonicznym posłuszeństwem. Analiza prawna pobytu kardynała Józsefa Mindszentyego w placówce dyplomatycznej Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of Cardinal József Mindszenty’s stay at the United States diplomatic mission in Hungary, taking into account both international law and canon law perspectives. Drawing on unique beatification records and Vatican sources, the authors examine the Cardinal’s spiritual and moral motivations, emphasizing his fidelity to the norms of canon law, which played a decisive role in shaping his decisions and conduct. The text further addresses issues concerning the legal status of the diplomatic mission, the interpretation of the institution of diplomatic asylum, and the controversies surrounding its application in state practice. The analysis demonstrates that the resolution of the diplomatic impasse that gradually arose from the Cardinal’s long-term refuge at the U.S. diplomatic mission was facilitated by his heroic obedience to the Pope – a virtue that matured over the fifteen years of his presence at the American diplomatic mission.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Lidia Fiejdasz-Buczek, Anna Szarek-Zwijacz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Imre Nagy – komunista, który stał się symbolem i bohaterem antykomunistycznej rewolucji węgierskiej 1956 r.
To understand Imre Nagy’s significance for the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, we must place him in a specific context. To assess why he made the decisions he made, we must consider the entirety of his life and work. He was no random street radical. Throughout his life, he was a committed Marxist who simply believed he could reform something that was irreformable. Through the course of events, he was placed in a position where he had to balance the demands of the protesters who had just overthrown his predecessor with those of the USSR. Imre Nagy served Soviet interests for decades. He spent his life serving a brutal, oppressive system, enforcing Moscow’s will at every turn. Working as an NKVD informant, he reported over 200 of his colleagues to the secret police. As Minister of the Interior, he participated in the brutal ethnic cleansing of German-speaking Hungarians and contributed to the dismantling of democratic institutions and traditional family structures that had existed in Hungary for centuries. He carried out collectivization, which devastated Hungarian agriculture and destroyed centuries-old rural communities. Imre Nagy exemplified the utopian pursuit of a model of “humanitarian socialism”, an artificial construct, an ideology that never existed and had no right to materialize. In this sense, Tibor Meray was right, when he wrote in his book about the Hungarian Prime Minister that: “Imre Nagy wanted to be a good communist and a good patriot, he wanted to be a good Hungarian and a sincere friend of the Soviet Union, and that was impossible”. In a sense, Imre Nagy exemplifies an astonishing transformation – from an orthodox communist apparatchik, Stalinist, informer, and Bolshevik agent with a highly inglorious past of imposing the communist yoke on Hungarian society – to the somewhat accidental, tragic, and heroic leader of the 1956 uprisings, elevated to a pedestal by movements of social resistance to the terror of communism. It is not without reason that Imre Nagy is described by right-wing politicians as a “Soviet man in Hungarian clothing”. His role in 1956 could not redeem decades of service to the oppressor. The culmination of this is the words of Victor Sebestyén, who summed up Imre Nagy’s fate by stating that “Imre Nagy died better than he lived”.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Robert Śliwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Upamiętnienie rewolucji węgierskiej 1956 r. w systemach prawnych Węgier i Polski
The 1956 Hungarian Revolution occupies a unique position in the historical memory of Central and Eastern Europe. Its significance goes beyond the historical dimension and is reflected in the legal systems of the states of the region. This article analyses the legal mechanisms used to preserve the memory of the 1956 events in the legal orders of Hungary and Poland. The analysis covers constitutional and statutory provisions, parliamentary resolutions, acts of symbolic law, as well as regulations concerning memorial days and places of remembrance. The article also takes into account the standards of freedom of expression under the European Convention on Human Rights and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights related to so-called memory laws. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the role of law as a tool for shaping collective memory and to indicate how the legal framing of the 1956 Revolution may contribute to strengthening Polish-Hungarian relations.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Paulina Ledwoń https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bohaterowie azylu dyplomatycznego czasów rewolucji węgierskiej w „Dziennikach” Sándora Máraiego
The aim of this article is to present asylum cases (including lesser-known ones) involving the use of diplomatic asylum that took place during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. At the same time, the text analyzes the assessment of these cases through the prism of the observations of the leading Hungarian émigré writer and poet Sándor Márai. He is currently one of the most famous Hungarian artists in Poland (his works have been made widely available to Polish readers by the Czytelnik publishing house). Márai observed the Hungarian Revolution while living in the US at the time, and for obvious reasons, he was deeply affected by these events. He included his assessment of the heroes of this revolution (primarily Imre Nagy and Cardinal József Mindszenty) in excerpts from his “Diaries”. This assessment is quite critical, especially towards Prime Minister Nagy. Undoubtedly, Sándor Márai judges him to be a communist, has no faith in his “conversion”, does not sympathize with him, and considers the tragic twists and turns of his fate to be gangster-like reprisals by the communists. On the other hand, he perceives Cardinal Mindszenty differently, but does not believe in his intellectual or political abilities. He does not appreciate his religious attitude. However, he does appreciate his behavior, which secured him a rightful place in history.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Paweł Czubik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rekonstrukcja i ocena reżimów nadzwyczajnych w państwie socjalistycznym (na przykładzie powstania węgierskiego 1956 r.)
The article examines the mechanisms for introducing, operating, and legitimizing emergency regimes in the realities of a socialist state in the context of the Hungarian uprising of 1956. According to the author, emergency regimes in socialist states were fundamentally political, not legal. They served to maintain the communist party’s monopoly and monolithic power, even at the expense of its formally declared legality. The experience of the Hungarian uprising reveals a structural contradiction between the ideology of “socialist legality” and the practice of applying emergency measures. An analysis of the 1956 case allows the author to draw conclusions about the comprehensive nature of such regimes in socialist states, pointing to their exemplary form.
konstytucja Węgierskiej Republiki Ludowej z 1949 r.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Krzysztof Prokop https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Restytucja mienia osób represjonowanych po powstaniu węgierskim 1956 r. – analiza cywilnoprawna
The article discusses the civil law aspects of property restitution for persons repressed after the 1956 Hungarian Uprising. The policy of the communist government, created as a result of the Soviet invasion, aimed to impose numerous repressive measures on participants in the uprising and all those deemed enemies of the “people’s government”. A key element of this was the confiscation of property. Therefore, after the overthrow of the communist regime in 1989, the question arose as to how to implement the restitution of property seized from its original owners. This process was limited in nature and consisted of providing compensation in the form of so-called compensation vouchers. In the author’s opinion, these vouchers did not fully fulfill their role as a compensation instrument. However, the limited scope of compensation was justified by the need to protect acquired rights, ensure the stability of property relations, and address state budget constraints.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Paweł Bucoń https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stosowanie art. 115 k.c. do obliczania upływu terminu przedawnienia uwagi na tle orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego
The purpose of the article is to analyze the issue of applying Article 115 of the Polish Civil Code to the calculation of the limitation period. The subject of the considerations is to determine whether the limitation period may be regarded as a “time limit for performing an act” within the meaning of Article 115 of the Civil Code, and what legal consequences arise from adopting a different classification. In this respect, the article examines the current positions of legal doctrine and the case law of the Supreme Court. As a result of the analysis, it is indicated that the lapse of the limitation period ex lege gives rise to the debtor’s competence to raise the defence of limitation, regardless of statutory non-working days. The novelty of the article lies in the comprehensive comparison and systematization of doctrinal views and judicial decisions in the light of the amendment to Article 118 of the Civil Code, thereby contributing to a more in-depth understanding of the function of limitation periods in the Polish civil law system.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Julia Synak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of Indigenous Peoples’ Protection with Environmental Sustainability as an Impact of Environmental Change
Climate change is not merely an environmental phenomenon but a profound challenge to the relationship between law and social justice. In Indonesia, Indigenous Peoples, whose cultural survival and livelihoods are tied to forests and ecosystems, face disproportionate risks from rising temperatures, deforestation, and extractive industries. Communities such as the Dayak in Kalimantan, the Baduy in Banten, and the Orang Rimba in Jambi exemplify how environmental degradation intersects with long-standing marginalization and weak legal recognition of customary rights. This paper examines how Indonesia’s legal framework mediates the nexus between climate governance and social justice. It focuses on the tension between the Job Creation Law (Law No. 11/2020), which prioritizes investment through centralized licensing and reduced environmental safeguards, and the Draft Law on Indigenous Peoples (RUU MA), which aims to formalize recognition of customary territories, participatory rights, and the principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC). Employing a normative and literature-based analysis, the study draws upon constitutional jurisprudence, international human rights instruments (UNDRIP, ILO Convention No. 169), and climate justice frameworks (UNFCCC, Cancun Safeguards) to evaluate how law can either perpetuate or mitigate social inequality. The findings indicate that regulatory incoherence weakens constitutional guarantees and fractures the social bond linking law, environment, and vulnerable communities. The paper proposes a rights-based model of climate governance that positions Indigenous Peoples as partners in climate solutions, reaffirming law’s potential to foster, not fracture, social cohesion and justice.
Climate Justice Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Kristianto Halomoan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rethinking WTO Subsidy Disciplines for Sustainable Development
This paper examines the WTO legal framework governing subsidies and reviews recent reform proposals concerning the identification and categorization of subsidies under the SCM Agreement. It argues that the prevailing trade-distortion-centred approach to subsidy regulation is increasingly misaligned with the WTO’s sustainable development mandate. The paper therefore proposes a reform of WTO subsidy disciplines in which alignment with sustainable development objectives becomes a central criterion, alongside trade effects, for assessing the permissibility of subsidies, while preserving the fundamental principles of the multilateral trading system.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Ha Pham Loc https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Blindness in the Digital Age: Towards a Regulatory Agenda for Digital Environmental Justice
The twin transitions of green and digital transformation are redefining sustainable development agendas, yet current digital innovation often suffers from “green blindness,” the neglect of environmental externalities and justice concerns. This oversight can lead to significant environmental harm and exacerbate inequalities, as recent analyses have warned, highlighting that environmental issues are being sidelined in favor of digital growth. This study examines the legal aspects of this issue, situating the discussion within a global context and employing a comparative lens on developing countries. In Vietnam, for example, a booming digital economy coupled with pressing environmental challenges highlights the need for integrated governance to avoid high resource consumption and other sustainability risks. The paper introduces the concept of digital environmental justice, to ensure that the benefits and burdens of digital transformation are distributed equitably, and ecological impacts are mitigated. It examines how emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, blockchain, and big data systems, intersect with climate and environmental goals, identifying gaps where regulatory frameworks lag behind technological advancements. By bridging digital rights and environmental law, the paper argues for a more equitable, inclusive, and sustainable digital age, guiding the twin transitions toward both green and just outcomes.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Phuc Gia Dao, Le Vu Nam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Shaping Green Digital Rights in Vietnam: A Law-And-Economics Perspective on Data Governance and Digital Asset Regulation in the Context of the Twin Transition
This paper analyzes Vietnam’s current legal framework for data governance and digital asset regulation, while exploring the potential for the formation of “green digital rights,” a novel interdisciplinary concept at the intersection of environmental sustainability, digital innovation, and legal theories of property rights. Through a legal-economic lens, the study assesses how the recognition of digital assets can incentivize environmentally friendly business models and financial instruments. Empirical analysis, based on a detailed case study in Khanh Hoa province, reveals both opportunities and persistent legal gaps in high-tech marine aquaculture and smart urban development. The research findings indicate that while the recognition of data as a digital asset opens prospects for green finance, significant legal gaps persist in environmental data governance and the application of digital assets to sustainable development sectors. Policy recommendations derived from this analysis include enhancing regulatory clarity, implementing legal sandboxes to foster innovation, improving environmental data standards, and strengthening institutional capacity. This study not only provides actionable policy recommendations but also contributes to deepening the theory of sustainable digital governance and property rights in the context of the twin transition.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Dang Hoang Xuan Huy, Ha Trang Nguyen Thi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Issues of Equity and Efficiency in Twin Transition in Vietnam from an Economic-Legal Integrated Perspective
In the context of globalization and the fourth industrial revolution, the twin transition (digital transformation and green transformation) is becoming a key strategic direction for nations, including Vietnam, to promote fast and sustainable growth of the economy. However, alongside the promoted economic benefits, the twin transition process also gives rise to certain issues of fairness, affecting the sustainability of the transition model. This raises doubts about the role of the twin transition, posing a need to refine the legal framework to harmonize the goals of economic growth and social equity. This paper reinforces the view on the inevitability of the twin transition, defining the twin transition as two parallel processes, with a synergistic and contradictory relationship between digital transformation and green transformation, that contribute to promoting sustainable development. Based on the analysis of the theoretical framework and the current situation of the aforementioned digital transformation process in Vietnam, the paper proposes solutions to ensure the harmonization of fairness and efficiency in this process. Specifically, the solution involves simultaneously combining digital transformation policies with social security and sustainable development policies, tailored to regions and industries, consistent with the current practical context in Vietnam.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Quoc An Chau, Mộng Tuyền Nguyễn Thị, Hạnh Dung Vũ Kim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Navigating the Nexus in Southeast Asia: Legal Frameworks for Digital-Green Public-Private Partnerships in ASEAN’s Twin Transition Era
This paper explores how Southeast Asia can build the legal foundations to support a “Twin Transition”: the shift toward both digital transformation and green sustainability, through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). Given ASEAN’s diverse legal systems, climate risks, and infrastructure gaps, PPPs are key to attracting private investment and innovation. But managing both digital and green goals in long-term contracts requires legal frameworks that are flexible, fair, and adapted to regional realities. This paper details a range of legal tools and mechanisms crucial for navigating this nexus in Southeast Asia. This includes the evolution of performance-based contracts to encompass both digital efficiency metrics and specific environmental outcomes, alongside innovative risk allocation strategies for technological obsolescence, cybersecurity, and climate-related events pertinent to the region. The paper examines the transformative potential of smart contracts and blockchain for enhancing transparency, accountability, and automated compliance in ASEAN’s digital-green projects, while also addressing their inherent vulnerabilities and regulatory challenges across diverse jurisdictions. Furthermore, it delves into the critical role of comprehensive data governance frameworks, including privacy-enhancing technologies and emerging AI governance standards, to manage the vast data generated by smart green infrastructure. Finally, it highlights the importance of fostering adaptive regulatory sandboxes for accelerating innovation, establishing robust dispute resolution mechanisms for complex, integrated projects, and leveraging existing and emerging international legal norms (e.g., cross-border data privacy rules, ASEAN digital integration frameworks) for facilitating greater regional collaboration in the Twin Transition. Ultimately, this paper advocates for a proactive, adaptive, and ethically grounded legal architecture within ASEAN that can effectively bridge the divide between digital innovation and environmental stewardship, enabling PPPs to fully realize their potential as catalysts for a truly sustainable, technologically advanced, and resilient future across Southeast Asia.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Thông Bùi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Leases in Germany: Towards a New Standard in Commercial Real Estate
This study examines the transformation of Green Leases in German commercial real estate from voluntary market initiatives to regulatory compliance necessities. The research investigates how EU and national regulatory frameworks – EU Taxonomy, SFDR, CSRD, and Germany’s GEG – drive contractual innovation in sustainable property management. Using qualitative methodology, this study conducts comprehensive document analysis of academic literature, legal documentation, and industry guidelines (2015-2025), examining regulatory impact mechanisms through thematic content analysis. The findings reveal a fundamental paradigm shift where regulatory requirements have become the primary driver of Green Lease adoption. The study identifies a systematic “regulatory cascade effect” whereby EU-level regulations translate into fund-level compliance requirements, subsequently driving property-level contractual obligations. The EU Taxonomy's “Do No Significant Harm” principle creates continuous compliance obligations requiring contractual mechanisms. This study contributes to academic discourse by systematically documenting the transition from voluntary to regulatorily-driven sustainability. The identified regulatory cascade effect provides a framework for understanding similar transformations in other European markets, establishing Green Leases as essential instruments in the emerging regulatory compliance architecture for sustainable real estate management.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Michele Dilenge https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Consumer Data Protection in Vietnam’s E-Commerce: Bridging Legal Gaps Through Global Insights
Vietnam’s enactment of the Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL), in 2025, scheduled to enter into force in 2026, represents a landmark shift toward codifying a modern data protection regime. Yet, the law enters a digital marketplace dominated by data-driven e-commerce platforms, uneven institutional capacities, and fragmented regulatory frameworks. This paper examines whether the PDPL can meaningfully safeguard consumer personal data in Vietnam’s rapidly expanding e-commerce sector, and what legal, institutional, and comparative insights can support its sustainable implementation. Drawing on a structured comparative analysis of the EU’s GDPR, China’s PIPL, and California’s CCPA, the paper evaluates how different regulatory philosophies, including rights-based, state-centric, and market-driven, offer lessons for refining Vietnam’s approach. Building on doctrinal, comparative, and normative analysis, the paper identifies persistent gaps in enforcement independence, lawful bases for processing, cross-border data governance, and sector-specific guidance for e-commerce. It proposes a sustainability-oriented, multi-dimensional reform framework emphasizing institutional independence, regulatory harmonization, risk-based governance, and sustainable data stewardship. The paper contributes to theoretical debates on consumer data governance in emerging economies, and provides policy guidance for Vietnam as it seeks to build a trustworthy, rights-respecting, and sustainable digital market.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Nho Le https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
International Experiences in Applying Artificial Intelligence to Prevent Intellectual Property Infringement, and Implications for Vietnam
The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the enforcement of intellectual property (IP) rights worldwide. This paper examines how AI technologies are being applied internationally to detect, prevent, and manage copyright and patent infringement, and extrapolates key implications for Vietnam. However, advances of AI also raise complex legal, ethical, and policy questions. The study proposes a conceptual model integrating AI tools with human oversight to strengthen IP protection, and suggests that Vietnam adapt its legal framework and enforcement strategies in line with international best practices. In conclusion, Vietnam can leverage international experiences to craft forward-looking policies that harness AI in IP enforcement, bolstering its capacity to combat infringement in the digital era, while upholding legal and ethical standards.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Tu Pham Ngoc Minh, Vy Do Huynh Yen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ekspresywny ruch społeczny kobiet jako przykład aktywności w społeczeństwie obywatelskim
The paper analyzes the expressive social movement of women named Krystyna as a form of grassroots civic activity within the framework of multisectoral social policy. The author places her considerations in the context of changes in the welfare state, the development of civil society, and civic (active) social policy, implemented in cooperation between the public, private, social, and informal sectors. The subject of the analysis is the nationwide Krystyna movement, operating since 1998, which has transformed from a social category linked by a common name into a new, unconventional social movement of an expressive and bond-building nature. Empirical research (surveys, interviews, participant observation) has shown that this movement promotes the integration of women, mainly senior citizens, builds social capital, and initiates grassroots social and aid activities. The Krystyn phenomenon has been interpreted in the light of classical and contemporary theories of social movements. The author argues that despite the lack of a formal program and reformist goals, the movement meets most of the criteria of a social movement, especially in terms of emotional community, informal networks of relationships, and cultural expression. The paper emphasizes the importance of the Krystyn movement as an example of the functioning of civil society, especially in the area of senior citizen policy.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Krystyna Leśniak-Moczuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0